Figure 5.8 which molecule is glycerol

B They have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fatty acids. C They are the principal molecules in lard and butter. D They are usually liquid at room temperature. E They are usually produced by plants. A creating cis double bonds to the fatty acids B adding hydrogens to the fatty acids C creating trans double bonds to the fatty acids D adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids E adding cis double bonds and trans double bonds to the fatty acids Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.

A They are essential components of cell membranes. B They are not soluble in water. C They are made of fatty acids. D They are hydrophilic compounds. E They contribute to atherosclerosis.

B cholesterol. C antibodies. D enzymes. E insulin. Answer: B Topic: Concepts 5. B the release of a carbon dioxide molecule.

C the addition of a nitrogen atom. D the addition of a water molecule. E the release of a nitrous oxide molecule. What makes one amino acid different from another?

A removal of a water molecule B addition of a water molecule C formation of a glycosidic bond D formation of a hydrogen bond E both removal of a water molecule and formation of a hydrogen bond Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.

B are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions. C are synthesized as a result of peptide bond formation between monomers. D are decomposed into their subunits by dehydration reactions. E all contain nitrogen in their monomer building blocks. A triacylglycerides B polysaccharides C proteins D triacylglycerides and proteins only E triacylglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5.

A primary structure B secondary structure C tertiary structure D quaternary structure E secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, but not primary structure Answer: E Topic: Concept 5. A peptide bonds B hydrogen bonds C disulfide bonds D phosphodiester bonds E peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds Answer: A Topic: Concept 5.

A peptide bonds B hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond C disulfide bonds D hydrophobic interactions E hydrogen bonds between the R groups Answer: B Topic: Concept 5. This secondary structure is stabilized by A covalent bonds. B peptide bonds. C ionic bonds. D polar bonds. E hydrogen bonds. B order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain. C unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.

E overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits. A Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. B Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. C Both serine and leucine would be in the interior of the globular protein.

D Both serine and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. E Both serine and leucine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.

B cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold. C always alter the biological activity or function of the protein. D always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity. E always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity.

Based on this information alone, we can conclude that sickle-cell hemoglobin exhibits A altered primary structure. B altered secondary structure. C altered tertiary structure. D altered quaternary structure. E altered primary structure and altered quaternary structure; the secondary and tertiary structures may or may not be altered. A in the interior of the folded protein, away from water B on the exterior surface of the protein, interacting with water C in the transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains D in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains E anywhere in the protein, with equal probability Answer: D Topic: Concept 5.

A The two strands of the double helix would separate. B The phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribose sugars would be broken. C The purines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. D The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars. E All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

A The 5' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. B The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose. C The 5' end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base. D The 5' end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

E The 5' end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases. B function in the synthesis of proteins. C make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity. D act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA. E form the genes of higher organisms. A a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group B a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar C a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar D a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil E a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine Answer: C Topic: Concept 5.

This DNA molecule could be composed of A adenine and uracil molecules. B thymine and adenine molecules. C cytosine and thymine molecules. D adenine and cytosine molecules.

E guanine and thymine molecules. B can form a double-stranded molecule. C is an aldehyde sugar and the sugar in RNA is a keto sugar. E contains one less oxygen atom. Answer: E Topic: Concepts 5. These data suggest that the new organism A is more closely related to humans than to frogs. B is more closely related to frogs than to humans. C evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. D is more closely related to humans than to rats.

E is more closely related to frogs than to humans and also evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. A the reaction of two monosaccharides, forming a disaccharide with the release of water B the synthesis of two amino acids, forming a peptide with the release of water C the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water D the reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the consumption of water E the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base with the production of a molecule of water Answer: D Topic: Concepts 5.

A DNA duplexes will unwind and separate. B Proteins will unfold denature. C Starch will hydrolyze into monomeric sugars. D Proteins will hydrolyze into amino acids. E DNA duplexes will unwind and separate, and proteins will unfold denature. B fructose. C glucose. D galactose. E sucrose. A It is a saturated fatty acid.

B A diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. C Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. D It is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis. E It is a saturated fatty acid, a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis, and molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature. B polypeptide.

C saturated fatty acid. D triacylglycerol. E unsaturated fatty acid. A It is a hydrolysis reaction. B It results in a peptide bond. C It joins two fatty acids together. D It is a hydrolysis reaction and it results in a peptide bond. E It is a hydrolysis reaction, it results in a peptide bond, and it joins two fatty acids together.

The presence of double bonds in un- saturated fatty acids introduces complications to this process that must be addressed using additional enzymes that either move the double bond or remove it. Most animals and plants generate even-numbered fatty acids; however, some marine animals e. Thus, in order for the succinyl-CoA to contribute to the energy needs of the cell, it must first be converted to malate steps of TCA cycle , which is then converted to pyruvate by malic enzyme, also known as decarboxylating malate dehydrogenase.

Pyruvate can then enter and be consumed by the TCA cycle. It is only made by certain bacteria, some of which live in the intestinal tracts of herbivores. Herbivores thus absorb the B 12 for their use, and carnivores obtain their B 12 from eating herbivores. Pernicious anemia, in which usually elderly patients have very low levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin, as well as neurodegeneration, is also related to B However, it is usually not due to a vitamin deficiency, but rather to the insufficient secretion of intrinsic factor , which binds B 12 in the stomach and then is taken into intestinal cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

However, generally, the oxidation in peroxisomes is limited, and the purpose is to shorten long fatty acids in preparation for final degradation in the mitochondria. In these cases, phytanic acid for example, a oxidation is necessary to generate an intermediate with the alkyl group on the a carbon. Finally with respect to fatty acid catabolism , it must be noted that in liver especially, a large part of the acetyl-CoA generated by oxidation of fatty acids does not enter the TCA cycle.

These molecules are water soluble, and transported through the bloodstream as energy sources for a variety of tissues, even including brain, which typically only uses glucose as fuel since fatty acids cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. However, ketone bodies can penetrate and are used by brain cells under starvation conditions.

Ketoacidosis is a condition in which ketone bodies are being produced much faster than they are used. This leads to a buildup of the molecules in the bloodstream, which lowers the pH, since the molecules are acidic. An easy diagnostic of ketoacidosis is a sweet somewhat fruity smell of acetone on the breath. Left untreated, severe ketoacidosis can lead to cell damage as the blood acidifies, and compensation by increased exhalation of carbon dioxide and lead to respiratory failure in susceptible individuals.