Biodiesel makes which material as a co product

Yeast Coproducts Michael Morgan, an undergraduate at Utah State University, began working as a research assistant, in , with the USU team on biofuels projects under the mechanical engineering program, but after becoming deeply interested in lipid technologies he switched his major to biochemistry.

Now he is based in the biochemistry lab of professor Lance Seefeldt. USU began researching algae production in The team successfully created and patented a direct in-situ transesterification biomass conversion, which allows conversion of all available lipids from the biomass without doing an initial neutral lipid extraction from the microbial sources.

Morgan set up a dynamometer and emissions station for testing the performance and emissions characteristics of each of the three microbial biodiesel types, for comparison to soybean biodiesel and No. The team also built a diesel streamliner fueled by biodiesel from algae, bacteria and yeast and raced it on the Bonneville Salt Flats three times, setting one record and beating two current records. Morgan was lucky enough to drive the racecar during one of those timed events and produce the yeast and algae biodiesel used at the famed race spot in and We are in the process of working with an industry partner to optimize protein production from a few of our yeast strains and are also using genetics to produce specific desired products that have higher value.

Most of the coproduct work at USU has focused on yeast. This is why we have been working mainly with proteins and recently some lubricants.

We are blazing new frontiers here in our lab due to our choice of microbial strains for biodiesel and bioproduct creation and, as such, are helping to develop new markets or enter existing markets with an alternative product source.

Follow us. The Next Generation of Biodiesel Coproduct Research The uses of glycerin - crude, USP-grade or otherwise - and other byproducts from biodiesel production are virtually limitless. Related Articles BDI celebrates 25 years.

Farm, biofuel leaders urge Biden to embrace homegrown solutions. REG breaks ground on Geismar expansion, improvement project. Arbios moves forward with biofuels plant in British Columbia. Biodiesel must be free from methanol, catalyst, water, glycerol and solid contaminations to achieve high purity [ , ]. The following specifications are for the biodiesel according to American standard test method ASTM [ 77 , ]. Biodiesel color varies between yellow, golden and dark brown.

Biodiesel is odorless except when made from used cooking oil or animal fat. Density is an important fuel property because fuel pump and injection systems must receive a precise amount of fuel to provide a proper combustion. Therefore, fuel density is the main property that influences the amount of mass injected in the internal combustion room.

The API gravity is an indication of quality of diesel. It is measured according to American petroleum institute standards by equation 10 [ ]. Acid value is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize one gram of oil. The acid number is an indication of the amount of acid and water in biodiesel.

High acid number means that the biodiesel have high percentage of water and free fatty acid, so it need more processing steps to remove water and acids. Therefore, the FFAs content is an indication of the amount of acid and water in biodiesel like the acid number.

Fuel viscosity is a measure of resistance for its free flow showing strong influence on fuel injection and consequent spray formation processes such as atomization, spray growth, etc. The pour point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which liquid can flow when it is cooled. The cloud point is the temperature at which the solid crystals or wax are formed in cloudy color when it is cooled [ ].

Water is an undesirable product in biodiesel because of the destructive effect of water on the final yield quantities and properties. Water can promote microbial growth, leads to engine corrosion, participates in the formation of emulsions, causes hydrolysis, lowers the calorific value of biodiesel, and causes a longer ignition delay in the pistons of the diesel engine.

The standard specifications ASTM limits the maximum allowable content of water in biodiesel fuel to 0. Industrially, water is removed from biodiesel using distillation under vacuum 0. Ash is an inorganic residue that remains after combustion.

Ash content of biodiesel should not exceed the standard limits as the high percentage of ash causes air pollution, plugging in fuel filters and engine due to the ash particles accumulation. There are three forms of ash forming materials almost found in biodiesel that are soluble metallic solids, abrasive solids, and un-removed catalysts [ 9 , ].

The ash content is determined according to ASTM Calorific value is a measure of heating power and is dependent upon the composition of the biodiesel. The heating value refers to the amount of energy released when a known mass of biodiesel is completely combusted under specified conditions.

Table 5 shows the standard values needed for biodiesel to be considered a standard fuel [ 77 , , ]. It is the temperature at which two equal immiscible liquids of aniline C 6 H 5 NH 2 and the oil become completely miscible and one layer formed. Aniline point is an indication of aromatic content in sample. The fuel with low aniline point means that the percentage of aromatics content is high and paraffins content is low.

The greater the aniline point the lower the aromatic content. Cetane number is the time between the injection start and first ignition. It is an indication of the combustion quality of diesel fuel during compression ignition. It is similar to the octane number in gasoline.

Cetane number is an important factor in determining the chemical compound in biodiesel. High cetane number leads to shorter ignition retard, lower nitrogen oxides emissions, lower carbon monoxides emissions, lower noise and stable engine operation so higher fuel quality.

Low cetane number fuels can be improved by using additives which increase cetane number to be within the standard limits [ ]. The flash point is the temperature at which the liquid vapors ignite under normal pressure [ ]. Biodiesel can be used in a pure form or as a mixture with petrodiesel at any concentration. Biodiesel as fuel has many advantages, as it is a clean, cheap, renewable fuel.

Biodiesel can be utilized as a fuel in generators that produce electricity. With B, generators can eliminate the accompanying products such as smog, ozone, carbon, and sulfur emissions.

Therefore, using biodiesel as a fuel for generators in domestic areas such as schools, hospitals, and the general public will reduce the harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide and particulate matter [ ].

In , UC Riverside installed a 6-megawatt backup power system that used biodiesel as a fuel. These generators allow companies prevent the destruction blackouts of processes at the expense of high pollution and emission rates. The separate locomotive provides the motive power for a train. The most known types of locomotive are diesel and electrical type. Biodiesel can be used directly in locomotive for either passengers or cargo trains.

In the USA, they began using biodiesel to run the trains in Heating oil is identical to diesel fuel. Biodiesel can be used as a heating oil in residential and industrial buildings. Using biodiesel as a heating oil will reduce the emissions of both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and will clean out fuel pipes, which can improve heating efficiency filters [ ].

Kerosene is the most known fuel used for stoves and non-wick lanterns. However, biodiesel works as a great substitute for kerosene [ ]. Using biodiesel as a fuel for stoves is safer than kerosene and liquefied petroleum gases because of the high flash point of biodiesel.

Biodiesel works in the engine in the same way as standard diesel. Almost all diesel vehicles are able to run on biodiesel without any engine modification. It is recommended that older engines that still have some rubber components in the fuel system replace these parts with a synthetic material, as the solvent properties of biodiesel could cause wear to these parts.

Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for boilers that generate steam for industrial processes. Using biodiesel as a fuel for boilers instead of fossil fuel helps to burn more efficiently and reduce operating costs [ , ].

Biodiesel is a promising and more attractive fuel for diesel engines owing to its renewable nature and environmental benefits. The key issue to take into consideration is the higher price of biofuels than fossil fuel. Using low-quality feedstocks —which do not compete with food supply and land for food cultivation such as non-edible oils and animal fats— is considered an effective way of reducing the biodiesel production costs.

The present work shows the different treatment processes to reduce the high FFAs in the feedstock. The glycerolysis treatment has many merits over acid esterification since it is faster, lower toxic, and cheaper.

The researches in glycerolysis treatment are limited and needs more investigation and discussion. The paper also shows that feedstocks of biodiesel varies between edible oil such as the oil of sunflower, soybean and coconut or non-edible oil such as the oil of Jatropha, jojoba and used cooking oil.

Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oil through transesterification reaction at which the organic group alkyl of an alcohol is substituted with the organic group of a triglyceride producing fatty acid alkyl ester FAME and glycerol.

The production of biodiesel is simple process does not need a license or a complicated technology. There are four types of the transesterification processes, acid-catalyzed transesterification, alkaline catalyzed transesterification, enzyme catalyzed transesterification and non catalyzed supercritical methanol.

The alkaline catalyzed transesterification method is the most common process to be used as it is the fastest reaction, the highest yield, the mildest reaction condition, the lowest cost, corrosive, and toxicity. Eventually, the amount of consumed diesel in the world is massive and has a reverse effect on the economy and environment. Therefore, accelerate in changing to the utilization of biodiesel will have a great effect on the environment, vehicle engines, independency on crude oil, investment and economy as it will create jobs.

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The standard unit was assumed as 1 kWh from the heavy vehicle kWh engine [ ]. For the production of HVO, vegetable oils may come from different biological sources. Rapeseed oil, palm oil, and jatropha oil were investigated.

Rapeseed oil is expected to be a raw material for the production of HVO from European feedstock [ ]. In reality, with the best prices per hectare, palm oil is the cheapest vegetable oil among all vegetable oil feedstocks.

Jatropha is a plant that is thought to thrive on wastelands and can also be used to replenish the soil. Hydrotreatment is required for all three feedstocks at the Neste Oil production facility in Greenland. The HVO is considered to be part of the diesel engines in Germany. Electricity has been modelled as a specific source of electricity used in different countries, rather than as marginal electricity.

In this article, all loads were considered using fossil diesel, not HVO or other non-fossil fuels [ ]. Production capital, such as construction and transport vehicles, as well as the transport of workers to installations and electricity for offices, have been systematically omitted.

Large-scale production has been assumed for all three oil plants [ ]. Aspects relevant to land planning for agriculture are not covered. In this was partly due to well-defined methodological problems: the parameters to be considered and the methods to be applied are not stated.

In addition to a study of other LCA reports, land use has been omitted [ ]. The most important aspects of the biofuel evaluation are potential greenhouse gases and environmental pollution [ ]. Global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and embedded fossil energy production are the impact categories assessed in the report.

Biofuels have emissions that contribute to acidification and eutrophication; input from the supply chain, for example in Rapeseed Methyl Ester, or RME and ethanol studies has shown a substantial effect on overall supply. The sensitivity analysis investigated the effect of certain parameters on the biofuel which are increasingly common in LCA studies [ , ].

Biofuel production costs include the cost of feedstock over time, plus the estimated conversion costs, including resource costs, chemicals and enzymes, electricity costs, operation and maintenance costs, minus the value of the co-product over time [ ]. Except for sugar cane ethanol in Europe, the cost of production of all first-generation biofuels is essentially subsidised in all countries. In brief, higher food crop prices make biofuels of the first generation more competitive [ ].

For some of its feedstock products, such as corn in European countries, the rapidly increasing demand for biofuel feedstocks has significantly increased prices.

In this sense, biofuels are derived from low-cost feedstocks [ ]. The minimum cost was estimated for corn ethanol, while the limit was estimated for algal biodiesel. The cost of capital per unit of production capacity decreases as the size of the plant increases for relatively large plants. Generally speaking, the cost reduction is considered to be sufficient to cover the rising cost of biomass resulting from longer average transport distances associated with higher output sizes [ ]. Developed economies are more serious in thermochemical processes, than biochemical conversions but in both situations, commercial development has to face challenges [ ].

The economy of first-generation biofuels in Europe is more forward-looking than the exemption from excise duty under current political circumstances. Still, the critical problems of this generation of biofuels are a lack of feedstock land and moderate environmental efficiency. Industrial processing of first and second-generation biodiesel is carried out in several countries [ ].

Biomass processing costs are dominant for both algae and rapeseed biodiesel. Important factors are the production of biomass from algae, the supply of carbon, the harvesting and the source of water [ ].

While land costs are low for the development of algae biomass, there are higher infrastructure and mixing costs. However, in the case of algae, the high cost of energy recycling offsets much of the gain [ ].

In the case of rapeseed biodiesel, the most increased cost is the effect of food prices and GHG emissions. Of the three path, organic fraction of municipal solid waste is the cheapest, followed by slaughterhouse waste, grass and slurry [ ]. The price of petroleum-derived transport fuel at service stations, while more expensive, focuses on the biomethane produced from grass and slurry. New processes are expected to save more costs from economies of scale [ ]. Despite substantial attempts, the cost of biofuels has not decreased dramatically in these years.

Developing economies would allow biofuels to compete with fossil fuels in the long term [ ]. Hassan and Kalam [ ] proposed more optimistic lower cost estimates for second-generation biofuels than conventional biofuels. This high cost is mainly due to advanced processing techniques of algae. Efroymson et al. The present review is to highlight the various biodiesel generation, production, properties, standards, life cycle cost and sustainability assessment.

The following are the summary of the analysis:. First-generation biofuels are almost in decline. Second-generation biofuels which do not displace food production or cause more greenhouse gas emissions are increasingly applied in Europe.

The third generation of biofuels are having the highest emphasis in the recent years owing to strict environmentally sustainable standards of biofuels. The fuel properties and standards for biofuels and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil have been explored.

However, various conversion and upgrading techniques have to be applied to meet the biodiesel standards of EN The fourth-generation biofuel are quite fairway in meeting the production costs and performance in engines to consider as serious sustainable fuel. Advantages and disadvantages of various biodiesel generations [ 12 ]. Properties of various FAME biodiesel [ 67 ]. FAME biodiesel European standard [ 75 ].

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil properties [ 80 ]. Evolution of biodiesel [ 3 ]. First-generation biodiesel processing [ 19 ].

Second-generation biodiesel processing [ 25 ]. Data correspond to usage on the plateform after The current usage metrics is available hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days. Table of Contents. Previous article Next article. Metrics Show article metrics. Services Same authors - Google Scholar.

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